ืžืืช "ื”ืื•ืคื”"

ืžืืช "ื”ืื•ืคื”"

ืœืžื” ื”ืœื—ื ืžืฉื—ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ?

ืœื—ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืชื ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ืชืคืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืคื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืื•ืžื ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ืคื ื™ืžื” ืืš ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืฆื‘ืข ืงืจื•ื ื”ืœื—ื, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืช ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ืœื—ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื ื•ื”ืงืจื•ื (CRUST) ืฉืœื•.
ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื’ืœืช ืœื ื• ื”ืคืชืขื”, ื•ื”ืงืจื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื• ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืคื ื™ื ื”ืœื—ื. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื ืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ืœื—ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืจืคื• ืืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืœื—ื.

ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืืจ

ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืืจ (The Maillard reaction ) ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช(ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื) ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื (ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•) ื‘ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 120 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก. ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืื•ืคื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ ืื ื• ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืฆืง ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื”ืงืžื—, ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืชื ื•ืจ ืฉืžืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ – 1912 ืคืจืกื ื›ื™ืžืื™ ืžื—ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืœื•ืื™ ืงืืžื™ ืžื™ื™ืืจ (ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช Louis-Camille Maillard) ืžืืžืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•, ืฉื ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื•ื:

Action of Amino Acids on Sugars. Formation of Melanoidins in a Methodical Way. ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ื” ืœืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืืจ, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื•ื›ืœืœื• ื•ื ื•ืชื—ื• ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”:

  1.  ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
  2. ื–ืžืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
  3.  ืื—ื•ื– ืœื—ื•ืช.
  4.  ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื. 
 

ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืืคื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืืจ ื‘ืœื—ื, ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืขืœื”, ื›ื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ:

  1.  ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ – ืžืฉืชื ื” ืงืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืคื™ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœืคื™ ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื ื•, ื”ืจื™ื— ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื ื•. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื•ืคื™ื ืขื ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื˜. ื’ื ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื.
  2. ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืคื™ื™ื” – ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืคื™ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื™ืชืจื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืขื“ ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื™ื™ื”. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื ื ืจืื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืจื•ื ื”ืœื—ื, ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืคื™ื™ื”. ืื ื ืจืื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืงืจื•ื, ื ืงืฆืจ ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืคื™ื™ื” ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืคืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
  3.  ื”ืœื—ื•ืช (ื‘ืœื—ื ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ) – ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื•, ืืš ืœื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
  4.  ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื – ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคืจ, ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืงืžื— ื‘ื• ืชืฉืชืžืฉื•. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื/ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืืจ. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืงืžื— ืฉื™ืคื•ืŸ/ืฉืขื•ืจื”? ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืจื‘-ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ื›ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื–ื™ืžื˜ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• - ื”ื›ื›ืจ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืชื•ืกืคืช ืื ื–ื™ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื•ื ื”ืœื—ื

ืงืจืžื•ืœ

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืจืžื•ืœ (Caramelization) ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉื’ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืขืœ ืงืจื•ื ื”ืœื—ื, ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื™ืžื•ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืืจื•ืžื”, ื˜ืขื ื•ืžืจืื” ื—ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจืžืœ.
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื’ื ืื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืจืžื•ืœ, ื‘ื˜ื— ื ืชืงืœืชื ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื” ืงืจืžื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื™ืจืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœื™ื, ื’ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ื ื›ื”ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื, ืขื ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืžืชืงืชืง ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืจืžื•ืœ.ย 
ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืš, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืจืžื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืขืช ืืคื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื, ื‘ืื•ืชื ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืชืคื™ื—ืช ื”ืœื—ื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื— ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืœื›ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื˜ืขื ื”ืžืชืงืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืกื˜ ื”ืฉื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืœื—ืžื™ื.
ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื›ืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืงืจืžื•ืœ ืื—ืจืช ื•ืืฃ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืงืจืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื•. ื˜ื•ื•ื—ย ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืงืจืžื•ืœย  ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 110 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืœืกื•ื›ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื– (ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช.. ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื?) ื•ืขื“ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”- 160-180 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื•ืžืœื˜ื•ื–. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืช ืืคื™ื™ืช ืœื—ืžื™ื, ืื ื• ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืงืจืžื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื” – 160 ืžืขืœื•ืช. ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืืœื” ื‘ืฆืงื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื–, ืœื ืกืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ย ื”ืื•ืคื”ย ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื– ื›ืžื•ย ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœืœื—ื ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื. ืจืžืช ื”ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื– ื‘ื‘ืฆืง ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืฉื—ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ, ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื” – 240 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ื›ืจ ื”ืœื—ื.
ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืจืžื•ืœ?ย 

  1. ย ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” – ืืœื ืžื”… ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื•ื”ื–ืจื– ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื•ืžื–ืจื– ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื' ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื™ืจื˜ื ื•, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”- 110 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืงืฆื ืช.
  2. ย ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช (pH) – ืงืจืืชื ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืฆืง ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข. ื•ื›ืืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืžืฆืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชืžื•ื ื”. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืจืžืช ื” –ย pH ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจย (ื—ืžื™ืฆื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ) ื›ื›ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืจืžื•ืœ ืžืชื—ื–ืง! ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื” ืœื—ืžื™ ืžื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื??

ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื•ื ื”ืœื—ื?

ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืจืงื ื”ื‘ืฆืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื—, ืœื ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœื—ื ืขื ืงืจื•ื ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•/ืื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื‘ืฆืง ื”ืœื—ื ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืœื ืœื—ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช, ืงืจื•ื ื”ืœื—ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืœื”ื˜ ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™, ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช:

  1. ย ืฉืจื™ืคื” – ื”ืงืจื•ื ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืง ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืืฅ ื•ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืจื™ืคื”. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื˜ื’ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฆืœ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ืขื ืžืชื•ืง ืฉืœ ืงืจืžืœ ื•ืืจื•ืžื” ืžืฉื’ืขืช, ื ืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆืœ ื—ืจื•ืš. ืœื›ืŸ, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ืœื—ื ืœื”ืชืจืงื ืื˜ ืื˜ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืžืงื ื•ืช ืœื• ื”ืงืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืืจ.ย 
  2. ื—ื•ืกืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื–ื™ืžื˜ื™ืช –ย ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืœื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืืœืคื ืขืžื™ืœืื–, ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžื•ืคืกืงืช ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ืงืจื•ื ื™ื‘ืฉ, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืชืขืœื” ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืคื™ื™ื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ืชื•ืจื’ืฉ.
  3. ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื – ืงืจื•ื ืงืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืืคื™ื™ื” ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืœื—ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืคื•ื—. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืงืข ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืืคื™ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืœื” ืชืคื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืชืื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืงื ื”ืœื—ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™.ย  ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื›ืš, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœย ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืืคื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื.ย 
ื’'ื‘ืื˜ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ
ื›ืฉื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ ืžื•ืคืจ ื’ื ื‘ืฆืง ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’'ื‘ืื˜ื” ื™ืฉืจืฃ

ื•ืžื” ืขื ื”ืฉื—ืžื” ืื ื–ื™ืžื˜ื™ืช?

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ืžื” ืื ื–ื™ืžื˜ื™ืช (enzymatic browning), ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื—ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช.
ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื’ืขื ื•, ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืืจ ื•ืงืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืฉื”ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืื ื–ื™ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช(ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”) ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื.
ื”ื”ืฉื—ืžื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ืช, ื”ื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื”ืฉื—ืžื” ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืื ื–ื™ืžื˜ื™ืช, ืœืจื•ื‘, ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืงืœืงื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช ื•ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื—ืกื•ื ื•.
ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื, ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืžืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื—ืชื•ื›ื™ื. ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื ื”ื—ื™ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื(ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื•ืย Polyphenol oxidase), ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ.
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื—ืžื” ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™, ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ, ืืš ื ืขืฆื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ. ื•ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืžื” ืื ื–ื™ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืœื—ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื•ืื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืžื ื”.ย 

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื ืขืจื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืืจ ื•ื”ืงืจืžื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืžืจืงื ื”ืœื—ื. ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื™ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”. ื”ื™ืฉืืจื• ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื™ื.
ืขื“ ืื–, ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจื• ื‘ืืคื™ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืื• ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืœื—ื. ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืฉ, ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืฉืœ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืชืช ื•ืฉืขื•ืจื”, ืฉื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืฉื—ืžืช ื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ืืช ืืœื™ื” ืืชื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื•ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืœื—ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืืคื™ื™ื”, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืืคื™ื™ื”, ื•ืœื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 230 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืืคื™ื™ืช ืœื—ืžื™ ืžื—ืžืฆืช ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืคื™ื.

ืื”ื‘ืชื ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื•ื“ื”? ืชื ื• ื‘ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืฉืชืคื• ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“!

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13 ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ “ืœืžื” ื”ืœื—ื ืžืฉื—ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ?”

  1. ื”ืื•ืคื” ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”

    ืื ื™ ืื•ืคื” ืœื—ืžื™ ืžื—ืžืฆืช ืขืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ืžืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ 250 ืœืžืฉืš 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ 200 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
    ื”ืงืจื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืืช ืฉืจื•ืคื”. ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืจื•ืคื”? ื”ืื ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืชืขื–ื•ืจ? ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื”? ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืชืชืืจืš ื”ืืคื™ื”?

    1. ื”ืื•ืคื”

      ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืงืžื— ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ
      ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ื˜ืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช 240 ื•ืื ืœื ืคื•ืชืจ ืœืจื“ืช ืœ230 ืื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ

  2. ืœื™ืื”

    ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืœืื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืงืจ ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—
    ื‘ืขื–ืจืชืš ืื ื™ ืื•ืคื” ืœื—ืžื™ ืžื—ืžืฆืช ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ืžืื“ ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืจื•ื ืœื—ื ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™( ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื›ืš). ื”ืคื ื™ื- ื˜ืขื™ื ื•ืจืš ื•ื”ืœื—ื ืชื•ืคื— ื ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ. ืื ื™ ืื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื˜ ืฉืงื ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืฉืฆืจืคืช ืžืืžื–ื•ืŸ – 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ 250 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืกื™ืจ ื‘ืจื–ืœ dutch oven ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 210 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืœืœื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื› 20-25 ื“ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืชืงืจืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ. ( ืœื—ื 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืงืžื— ืžืœื ). ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืœืืคื•ืช ืžื”ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชืคื™ื—ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืืคื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™- ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืขื ืžื™ื ืจื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ.
    ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงืจื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื•ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉืืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื ื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื”ื–ื”?
    ื‘ืชื•ื“ื”
    ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื—ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ๐Ÿ˜

  3. ื—ื™ื™ื

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืงืข ืจืื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฆื•ืจืคืช ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”?

    1. ื”ืื•ืคื”

      ื”ื™ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
      ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืช ืœืฆืจืฃ. ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื“ืจืš ื“ืฃ ื”ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืคืก ืœืžื˜ื”?
      ืชื•ื“ื”

  4. ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง

    ื”ื™ื™ ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื›ืจ ืœื—ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืื“ื•ื ืขืžื•ืง, ื”ื—ืœืคืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ ืกืœืง.
    ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืคื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™.
    ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืืคื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืœื—ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืฉื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ.
    ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื—ืžื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืคื™ื”?

    1. ื”ืื•ืคื”

      ื”ื™ื™ ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช. (ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ) ืœื ื”ืชื ืกืชื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ืœื—ืžื™ื, ืืš ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ืืคื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืชืขืฉื” ืงืฆืช ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ.
      ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืกืœืง ื™ืฉื ื ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื›ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉืจื™ืคืช/ื”ืฉื—ืžืช ื”ืœื—ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื™ืš ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื›ื›ื”'ื  ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ.
      ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆื‘ืข ืฉื“ื”ื” ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืืš ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจ/ืชื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืœืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืขื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜.

  5. ืขื™ื ืช

    ืฉืœื•ื ืจื‘,
    ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืืชืจ ืžืœื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื•ืžื•ืขื™ืœ. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”!!
    ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื—ืžืช ื”ืœื—ื.
    ื”ื›ื ืชื™ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืœื—ื ืžื—ืžืฆืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืŸ ืžืžื—ืžืฆืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ. ื™ืฆื ืœื—ื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ืงืจื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื•ื›ื”ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืจื•ืฃ. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ืขื ื—ืžืฆืžืฆื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื”.
    ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืงืฆืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืืคื™ื™ื”? ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืื—ืจื™ 35 ื“ืง'
    ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื˜ืžืค'?
    ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง.
    ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืื ื”ืœื—ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืชืงืจืจ ื•ื ืคืจืก?
    ืชื•ื“ื” ืžืจืืฉ
    ืขื™ื ืช

    1. ื”ืื•ืคื”

      ืฉืžื— ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขื™ื ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชื›ื ื™ื!
      ืื ืžืžืฉ ืฉืจื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ืื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ื›-10 ืžืขืœื•ืช. ืฉื•ื•ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื•ืฆื. ืชื•ื›ืœื™ ื’ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข. ืฉื™ืžื™ ืœื‘ ืฉืื ืืช ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืขืœื•ืช ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืืคื™ื™ื”. 35 ื“ืงื•ืช ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ, ืชื•ื›ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ 40 ืคืœื•ืก ื“ืงื•ืช.
      ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืื™ืคืฉื”ื•ื (ืืขืœื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš) ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื•ืจ ื•ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ื”ืœื—ื, ื›ื›ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืืคื” ืžืกืคื™ืง. ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืจื’ืข, ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉืชื•ืจื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ืืช ื”ืืคื™ื™ื”. ื–ื” ืจืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืœื—ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ื“ื—ื•ืก ื•ืœื— ื™ื—ืกื™ืช

  6. ื™ื•ืกื™

    ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ื. ืฉืžื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ . ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ื•ืจ ืืคื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช? ืœืžื” ื”ืœื—ื ื ืฉืจืฃ ืœืžืฉืœ ื•ืžื™ืชื™ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื•ื’ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ืฉืจืฃ? ื•ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื? ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืขื•ื ื™ื

    1. ื”ืื•ืคื”

      ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื˜ื•ื‘
      ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ, ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืฆืง ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ืฆืง, ื”ืชื ื•ืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืื“ื™ื ืžืคื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืจ, ื•ื›ื›ื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงืฉื”, ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืฉื“ืจ ื’ืœื™ ืžื™ืงืจื• ืฉื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ืื• ื”ื‘ืฆืง, ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืžืชื ื“ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื• ื”ืื“ื™ื ืœื ืžืชื ื“ืคื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืœื ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืš ื•ืœื—. ืืœ ืชื˜ืขื”, ืื ืชื—ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื™ื ื™ืชื ื“ืคื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจืฃ/

    1. ื”ืื•ืคื”

      ืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืคืจ
      ืชื•ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื“ืฃ ืœืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœ

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *